Quotas Versus Affirmative Action

This is one of the most critical books written about Malaysia's racial quotas applied in the government departments, public higher education centres, private corporate sector and public housing policies in Malaysia. According to the author, many have been mixed up with the terms "racial quotas" and "affirmative action". As affirmative action, first described by President John F. Kennedy, provides preferential treatment to the "socially disadvantaged" regardless of ethnicity and race, many regimes in the world have used the term to mislead the international community to believe that the preferential policies they adopt are affirmative action, the morally justified preferential policies while on the contrary not all "racial quotas" fit into the moral justifications of affirmative action. The moral principles of any preferential policies. being just or unjust, determine directly the outcomes of the policies themselves in either correcting socio-economic disparity or worsening it as a matter of facts.